{"id":287,"date":"2022-01-05T10:06:12","date_gmt":"2022-01-05T03:06:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uclg-aspac.org\/brlc\/?p=287"},"modified":"2022-01-05T10:06:12","modified_gmt":"2022-01-05T03:06:12","slug":"addressing-the-silk-road-heritage-in-light-of-city-to-city-cooperation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uclg-aspac.org\/brlc\/2022\/01\/05\/addressing-the-silk-road-heritage-in-light-of-city-to-city-cooperation\/","title":{"rendered":"Addressing The Silk Road Heritage in Light of City-to-City Cooperation"},"content":{"rendered":"

HANGZHOU AND ITS SISTER CITIES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Since its entrance to the international world in September 2013, China\u2019s Belt and
\nRoad Initiative has seen a handful of progress; not only under its pillars of infrastructure
\nconnectivity and trade facilitation but also in terms of policy communication and
\npeople-to-people ties. As of June 2021, 205 documents relating to BRI have been signed
\nwith 140 countries and 31 international organizations. Meanwhile, at the subnational
\nlevel, provincial and municipal governments actively engage in economic and cultural
\nexchanges, regions appealing towards one another on the basis of common
\ndevelopment goals.<\/p>\n

One of the subnational forms of BRI cooperation presently encouraged by China is
\nCity-to-City (C2C) Cooperation, which covers all possible manners of relationships
\nbetween local stakeholders at any level between countries. Among the various forms it
\ncan take, bilateral C2C has especially been celebrated as a promising policy instrument
\nfor promoting sustainability governance, an approach we find in the Belt and Road
\nInitiative project through the Hangzhou Sister Cities.
\nHangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang Province and the hub for economy, culture,
\nscience, and education. Endowed with rich historical and cultural heritages, Hangzhou is
\nknown as one of the seven ancient capital cities in China and played a significant role in
\nthe development of the ancient Silk Road. Hangzhou’s strategic location on the East
\nChina Sea made it a natural center of trade. With access to the maritime trading routes,
\nHangzhou was able to export goods such as rice, porcelain, silk, iron, gunpowder, and
\npaper from the city and surrounding area to points on the Silk Road and other, farther
\ntrade partners via maritime trading networks across the Indian Ocean.<\/p>\n

Hangzhou\u2019s historical and cultural significance makes it a prominent candidate for
\nC2C Cooperation, as culture is one of the most pervasive sectors of urban life and this
\nallows cooperation to achieve its mission more effectively. Nations may have separate
\nand even conflicting interests, but this does not necessarily hold true for actors at the
\nlower level, which consist of various local institutions and communities. C2C allows for
\neasier project replications between cities through increased participation of local actors,
\nas well as collective action facilitated by institutions and communities of common
\ninterests. The pervasive character of culture in everyday life renders them as potent
\ntools to raise community awareness towards key local development issues, with
\nextensive campaigns that could reach out to different target groups; a truly valuable asset especially to promote City-to-City Cooperation in an expansive developing region
\nwith diverse national identities.<\/p>\n

HISTORY OF THE SILK ROAD<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The Belt and Road Initiative covers vast expanses of land and sea territories: the
\nland \u201cbelt\u201d runs from China through South and Central Asia into Europe, while the
\nmaritime \u201croad\u201d connects coastal Chinese cities with Africa and the Mediterranean.
\nWithout a sense of common identity to bind them, it is difficult to imagine how various
\ncountries, each with their values and interests, could come together for cooperation. Yet
\naccording to Constructivism in international relations theory, relations between
\ncountries are shaped not simply by material factors, but also by ideational factors that
\nare historically and socially constructed. These ideational factors are largely affected by
\ncultural perspectives between cities and countries, which formation could only be
\nunderstood by studying their historical background.<\/p>\n

With a history of more than 2,000 years, the Silk Route in China can be dated back
\nto the Han dynasty (207 BCE \u2013 220 CE) in ancient China, where ambassador Zhang Qian
\nbrought treasures from China such as exquisite silk to be presented to rulers in the
\nwestern regions as a gift of goodwill. In the following years in history, many great figures
\nhad contributed to the development of the Silk Road, including Alexander the Great,
\nextending the network until it finally reached its peak during the time of the Byzantine
\nEmpire in the west. The Silk Road\u2019s extensive reach was an important variable in the
\ndevelopment of the civilizations of China, Korea, Japan, India, Persia, Europe, the Horn
\nof Africa, and Arabia, opening long-distance political and economic relations between
\nthe different civilizations.<\/p>\n

On the other side, the Maritime Silk Road is most often associated with the history
\nof Admiral Zheng He of the Ming Dynasty who conducted seven great naval expeditions
\nbetween 1405 and 1433 to establish diplomatic relations and encourage tribute and
\ntrade with states in South-East Asia, around the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and the
\nRed Sea. Zheng He\u2019s ships carried Chinese treasures such as silks, porcelains, and other
\nprecious gifts to trade for exotic products of the Indian Ocean. The presence of the
\npowerful Ming navy led to the emergence of state-directed commercial activity in the
\nmaritime world that extended from Ming China to the Swahili coast of Africa,
\nstimulating the movement of people and goods across the Maritime Silk Road and
\npaving the way for a new global market. All in all, the ancient Maritime Silk Road
\npresented a rich and varied cornucopia of goods and experiences, attracting the
\nmovement of peoples and creating a unique multi-cultural mix for hundreds of years
\nand allowing for countries in the Indian Ocean, South-East Asia, China, and the Far East
\nregions to thrive.<\/p>\n

THE SILK ROAD HERITAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Both the Land and Maritime Silk Road contributed greatly towards the
\ndevelopment of civilization within the region, leaving cultural trails of urban life in cities
\nacross the region as well as a grand narrative of progress and connectivity between
\nstrategic places which could transcend even national interest. This narrative is reflected
\nthrough the architecture, art, and cuisines developed in particular cities and regions
\naffected by the ancient travelers\u2019 route; precious cultural heritages that are often
\nconsidered as gateways to tourism resources. Stories of Zheng He\u2019s Voyages, for
\nexample, became widely celebrated today as the symbol of peaceful envoys in both
\nChina and countries along the Maritime Silk Road. Museums and artifacts appear
\naround the region as a reminder of the great period of exploration, cartography, and
\nnavigation, as well as the influences they left behind.<\/p>\n

The impact of the ancient Silk Road, however, is not only a matter of historical
\nnarrative as it also affected the diverse backgrounds of people living in the region today.
\nOne prominent example of this cultural assimilation could be seen in the Chinese
\nDiaspora phenomenon brought about by Chinese emigration towards cities throughout
\nthe Maritime Silk Road as people followed the trade routes and developed business in
\ntheir new destinations. The first major wave of Chinese emigration began in the late
\n15th century, as trade with South-East Asia expanded. The Chinese settled in lands to
\nthe south: Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, the Malay Archipelago, and Thailand.
\nWhen the state relaxed restrictions on travel in the mid-18th century, a second wave of
\nemigration created large Chinese towns all over South-East Asia. During the next
\nhundred years, a million people left southern China, mostly heading for places that
\nalready had Chinese settlements. Cultural assimilation easily took place between these
\nsettlements and their surrounding areas. Intermarriage became a common practice and
\noften led to a rich cultural mix, as can still be seen in Malacca and Penang.
\nToday an estimated 40 million people of Chinese descent live outside China and
\nform vibrant business communities, yet their ancestral ties left a cultural heritage
\nsimilarly pertained in their land of origin as well as strong social and trade networks.
\nThe presence of local actors in the city with similar areas of interest with stakeholders
\nabroad paved the way for cultural diplomacy and generated potential advocates for
\nparticular goals of City-to-City Cooperation. So where the historical narrative of the Silk
\nRoad provides cooperation grounds by the approach of idealism, its cultural and
\ndemographic heritage within communities in different countries encourage local
\ncooperation by appealing through specific cultural identity and interests.<\/p>\n

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE SO FAR?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Supported by a strong historical narrative and a robust cultural and demographic
\nheritage, it is easy to realize the potential for City-to-City Cooperation in the BRI region
\nand expect such advances to be implemented between Hangzhou\u2019s Sister Cities.<\/p>\n

However, a glance at historical precedence reveals that there have not been many
\nstrong and purposeful strategies applied through these instruments on behalf of the
\nBelt and Road project. Take for example the interactions between Hangzhou and its sister cities in Asia,
\nwhere the effects of the Chinese Diaspora is most prominent. Since 1979 to this day,
\nHangzhou has developed relations with seven sister cities in Asia, namely Gifu, Fukui,
\nand Hamamatsu in Japan, Yeosu and Seogwipo in South Korea, Baguio in the
\nPhilippines, as well as Kota Kinabalu in Malaysia. However, there has been minimal
\nmedia coverage on activities between these cities and Hangzhou, especially in terms of
\ndevelopment cooperation. Accounts of cooperation have mainly revolved around
\ndiplomatic visits, emergency aids, and exchanges in education, culture, and other areas,
\nyet the outcome from these activities are only disclosed to society in vague general
\nassessments and leave ambiguous results in terms of development progress.<\/p>\n

Activities between the cities have also in large taken a general and multilateral
\napproach, often in the forms of conferences and seminars, such as the Hangzhou
\nInternational Sister City Mayors Conference in October 2017, where mayors from
\naround the world held insightful discussions on urban development and cooperation
\nbased on the concepts of innovation, harmony, sustainability, and sharing. On the other
\nhand, the BRI Initiative also has its local cooperation network through the Belt and Road
\nLocal Cooperation (BRLC), which is committed to integrating the Belt and Road Initiative
\ninto exchange and cooperation among local governments with various practical
\nexchanges and cooperative programs and activities. However, BRLC activities thus far
\nappear to be centralized and provide only knowledge assistance for economic
\ndevelopment, such as in the forms of E-Commerce training and workshops.
\nTherefore, Hangzhou\u2019s efforts in consolidating C2C Cooperation with its BRI sister
\ncities are roughly deemed insufficient, as they appear to be either too fragmented in
\ntheir cultural approach or too centralized in a way that does not directly address their
\nSilk Road heritage.<\/p>\n

This contrasts, for example, with the approach used by the European Union\u2019s
\nInternational Urban Cooperation (IUC) program, which is a long-term strategy to foster
\nsustainable urban development in cooperation with both the public and private sectors,
\nas well as representatives of academicians, community groups and citizens. As part of a
\nregion sharing a common history of World Wars and their aftermath, European
\ncountries are highly attuned to the need for sustainable development. It is through this
\nspirit that many local actors are persuaded to contribute to sustainable development
\nstudies. IUC offers cities the opportunity to share and exchange knowledge with their
\ninternational counterparts in C2C Cooperation initiatives, building a greener, more
\nprosperous future. IUC activities also directly support the achievement of global
\ndevelopment goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals, thus results of each cooperation project between cities could be effectively measured and transparently
\npublicized to the public audience.<\/p>\n

All in all, the IUC through over 81 city pairings has worked on a variety of themes
\nand contributed significantly to the Sustainable Development Goals. This is possible not
\nonly by appealing towards the construct of collective identity and interest through the
\nEuropean Union but also by establishing the urgency of building upon this heritage by
\nencouraging all elements of urban society to partake in the process of advancing their
\nhistory. Ultimately, the achievements of the IUC could only be made possible through
\nthe engagement of multiple local stakeholders within cities, supporting the formulation
\nas well as the implementation of each development plan.<\/p>\n

In comparison, despite having displayed similar awareness towards the
\nsignificance of local involvement, the BRI seems to be struggling to establish such
\nventures between Hangzhou sister cities in an organized manner. A key challenge
\nfrequently observed here is the linguistic barrier to communication with local actors,
\nwhich becomes a much larger threat due to the diverse ethnicity and languages within
\nthe BRI region. Furthermore, the BRI region is not well-supported by any integrated
\ninstitutional infrastructure, such as the European Union, to support such initiatives. This
\nleaves another need for strategy in cooperation.<\/p>\n

CONCLUSION: WHAT NEXT?<\/strong><\/p>\n

We have seen that City-to-City Cooperation provides an innovative approach
\ntowards development by allowing higher engagement with local actors, cultures, and
\ncharacteristics and that it is especially effective when supported by a strong historical
\nnarrative and a robust cultural and demographic heritage. The Belt and Road region is
\nthus well-suited for City-to-City Cooperation as it stands upon an over 2,000 years old
\nhistorical narrative of the ancient Silk Road which contributed greatly towards the
\ndevelopment of various cities and civilizations across the region and left behind trails of
\nboth cultural and demographic heritage in its wake through the movement of people,
\nsuch as one we see with the Chinese Diaspora.<\/p>\n

China has understood this potential and established City-to-City Cooperation
\ninitiatives in the form of Hangzhou sister cities, yet their activities still appear to be
\neither too fragmented in cultural diplomacy or too centralized in a way that does not
\ndirectly address their Silk Road heritage. Efforts at furthering relations are also generally
\nconcentrated only between stakeholders of political and economic influence. There is
\nminimal media coverage on cooperation progress and achievements, which reflects
\npoorly or none at all in the eyes of the general society. Not to mention, communication
\nbetween stakeholders of the BRI region has always been a challenge due to the diverse
\nnative languages within the region; a problem that is exacerbated by the absence of a
\ndominant international institution to coordinate between stakeholders across the
\nregion and provide a common information platform, such as one we see in the case of Europe\u2019s International Urban Cooperation under the European Union. Lack of
\nsubstantial news to the people could cause interactions between sister city officials to
\nappear not driven by any purpose beyond political diplomacy. To the incognizant public,
\nit merely seems as though the city of Hangzhou is used as a “symbol of diplomacy\u201d due
\nto its reputation as a hub in the Silk Road, whereas inhabitants of the city that formed
\nthe identity in the first place are not given any real opportunity to contribute towards
\nthe continuation of the Silk Road narrative, thereby hindering local engagement in
\nCity-to-City Cooperation initiatives.<\/p>\n

If Hangzhou wishes to establish fruitful cooperation relations with its sisters, it
\nneeds to enhance coordination with existing international associations in the region,
\nsuch as ASEAN and UCLG, and develop a transparent and widely accessible information
\nnetwork regarding the initiative’s progress to minimize communication barriers and
\nincrease engagement with local stakeholders. In this way, efforts of appealing towards
\nhistorical narratives and cultural heritage between cities could be celebrated and
\nresponded to by both leaders and members of local society. Let us not forget that
\nregardless of the grand expeditions and political policies of the past, it is the small
\neveryday exchanges between travelers and local merchants in different cities that had
\ntruly kept the ancient Silk Road alive and brought its success in advancing civilizations
\nacross the region. The Belt and Road Initiative\u2019s success could only be built if the biggest
\nand smallest members of society move together.<\/p>\n

About the writer:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Josephine Emmanuel , Bachelor student on Urban and regional planning, Bandung Institute of Technology and research Intern at the UCLG ASPAC Secretariat.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Feature Image retrieve from\u00a0https:\/\/www.volkansadventures.com\/history\/the-silk-road\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HANGZHOU AND ITS SISTER CITIES Since its entrance to the international world in September 2013, China\u2019s Belt and Road Initiative has seen a handful of progress; not only under its pillars of infrastructure connectivity and trade facilitation but also in terms of policy communication and people-to-people ties. 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